docs / benchmarks / lang

Benchmarks index
  1. Overview
  1. Exemptions
  2. Methodology

aot

  1. Overview
  2. Components

codec

  1. Overview
  2. Base32
  3. Base64
  4. Deflate (dev.cajeta.codec)

codec / csv

  1. CSV

codec / json

  1. JSON

collection

  1. Overview
  2. ArrayList
  3. BPlusTree
  4. Cache
  5. Collectors
  6. HashMap
  7. HashSet
  8. Heap
  9. ImmutableList
  10. ImmutableMap
  11. ImmutableSet
  12. LinkedList
  13. RedBlackTree
  14. Sort

collection / ltm

  1. LtmBPlusTree

concurrent

  1. Overview
  2. AtomicInt32
  3. AtomicInt64
  4. Channel
  5. Fiber
  6. FiberLocal
  7. Lock
  8. Mutex
  9. RwLock
  10. Semaphore
  11. Tasks

gfx

  1. Overview
  2. Texture2D

hash

  1. Overview
  2. DefaultHasher
  3. Hash
  4. SipHash
  5. XXHash3

http

  1. Overview
  2. Client
  3. Server
  4. Server-sent events
  5. Start-up and footprint
  6. TLS
  7. WebSocket

io

  1. Overview
  2. Buffer

io / file

  1. Directory walk
  2. File
  3. FileInfo
  4. FileReader
  5. FileWriter
  6. Path
  7. Watcher

io / net

  1. BufferPool
  2. ByteBuffer
  3. Server
  4. TcpListener
  5. TcpStream
  6. UdpSocket

io / net / uri

  1. Uri
  2. UriBuilder

lang

  1. Overview
  2. Allocation and ownership
  3. Calls and dispatch
  4. Exceptions
  5. Guid
  6. Loops
  7. Math and SIMD
  8. Optional
  9. Pair
  10. Slice
  11. String
  12. StringBuilder
  13. Whole programs: the Benchmarks Game

lang / stream

  1. ArrayStream
  2. Stream

llm

  1. Overview
  2. Decode
  3. Kernel parity
  4. Load and first token
  5. Long context
  6. Memory
  7. Prefill

math

  1. Overview
  2. Ray
  3. Rotation
  4. Tensor
  5. Transform

math / fft

  1. Fft

math / linalg

  1. LinAlg

math / npio

  1. Npy

math / poly

  1. Poly

math / random

  1. Generator

math / stats

  1. Stats

ml

  1. Overview
  2. Classical models
  3. Neural models
  4. XGBoost

nucleo

  1. Overview
  2. Column
  3. Fuse
  4. Table
  5. Tape
  6. Transforms

primavera

  1. Overview
  2. Build time
  3. Dependency injection at scale
  4. REST endpoint
  5. Start-up and footprint
  6. Templated page

process

  1. Overview
  2. Command
  3. Process

reflect

  1. Overview
  2. Class

search

  1. Overview

search / distance

  1. Distance

search / fuzzy

  1. Matcher

search / ngram

  1. Index

time

  1. Overview
  2. Clock
  3. DateTimeFormatter
  4. Duration
  5. Instant
  6. LocalDate
  7. LocalDateTime
  8. LocalTime
  9. ZonedDateTime

toolchain

  1. Overview
  2. Binary size
  3. Build tool
  4. Compile time
  5. Debugger
  6. Notebook kernel start-up
  7. Start-up

toolchain / kernel-startup

  1. Overview
  2. Where cold-start time goes

wire

  1. Overview
  2. CompressStream
  3. Encoder
  4. SchemaEncoder

xpu

  1. Overview
  2. Device
  3. KernelBuffer
  4. KernelStream
  5. KernelTimer

xpu / mesh

  1. MeshSimplifier
Machine
no runs yet

Exceptions

What a try costs when nothing is thrown, what a throw costs when it is caught one frame up, and how that scales through ten and a hundred frames. RecoverableException and UnrecoverableException are measured separately, and one row throws inside a fiber. Rust and Go have no exceptions, so their rows propagate a Result or an error through the same call depth and say so in the row’s notes.

Benchmarks

idworkloadagainstcheck
lang/try-no-throw1e8 calls through a try that never throwsC++, Java, Python; Rust and Go: a Result/error returnsum
lang/throw-catch-11e6 throw-and-catch across one frameC++, Java (with and without stack trace), Python; Rust Err, Go errorcount caught
lang/throw-catch-101e6 throws unwinding ten framessamecount caught
lang/throw-catch-1001e5 throws unwinding a hundred framessamecount caught
lang/throw-recoverableRecoverableException against UnrecoverableException, 1e6 eachJava checked and uncheckedcount caught
lang/throw-in-fiber1e5 throws caught inside a spawned fiberJava virtual thread, Go goroutine, Python asyncio taskcount caught

The error model is documented in the guide’s error handling chapter.

Results

One chart per benchmark, for the machine selected at the top of the page. Languages are the bars, best first; Cajeta’s bar is in color and the competitors’ are gray. A skipped competitor keeps its row with the reason in place of a bar. A benchmark with no row on the selected machine says so and shows nothing else.

lang/try-no-throw

Not yet measured on Proton.
lang/throw-catch-1

Not yet measured on Proton.
lang/throw-catch-10

Not yet measured on Proton.
lang/throw-catch-100

Not yet measured on Proton.
lang/throw-recoverable

Not yet measured on Proton.
lang/throw-in-fiber

Not yet measured on Proton.

Reproduce

cd bench
./bench.sh --bench try-no-throw               # Cajeta
./bench.sh --bench try-no-throw --competitors # every pinned competitor

Every row records the compiler and competitor versions, flags, machine, OS and driver; METHODOLOGY states the rules a number must satisfy before it is published.

See also

  • Benchmark source: bench/src/main/cajeta/bench/lang/

Source: bench/lang/Exceptions.md · 1 min read · 307 words